My Vision: A New City

Foreword

In the first article of the series, My Vision: The Context, I gave the following public statement:

My goal for the next ten years is to design and build a truly universal Open Hyperdocument System and build on that system the next generation of the Internet.

What do I mean by saying “the next generation of the internet”? That is the question this article is going to answer. It helps if you’ve already read the previous article, but this article can also be read without any prior knowledge.

Internet as a City

Imagine our current internet as a city. Every city has public spaces, such as parks, museums, libraries, roads, train stations, etc. Some places belong to individuals, such as stores and houses on the street. For our current internet, there is also a lot of public spaces. You can treat Facebook and Instagram as parks, Youtube and Netflix as theaters, Spotify and iTunes as concert halls, Goodreads and Medium as libraries, and Google as roads that connect all places. Individual websites would be the stores and houses in the internet.

Every year, new entrepreneurs will come to the city and say: I want to build something here. They may start a coffee shop and let people come in and chill, or they may construct a fancy night club and try to attract the young generation to gather and party. They may also start a local business and sell shoes and shirts.

That’s how I see our current internet — a well-constructed city with all kinds of business, entertainment, activities, and everything you can imagine. It is the most prosperous and populated city in the digital world. However, I am not a big fan of it.

In Paul Graham’s famous essay Cities and Ambition, there’s this idea that some cities are centers for some type of ambition, and when you come to one of those cities, you can feel the message the city is sending to you. For example, the message that you can feel in New York is “You should be richer,” while Berkeley’s is “You should live better,” Paris’ is “You should do things with style,” Boston’s is “You should be smarter,” and San Francisco’s is “You should be more powerful.”

When I came to San Francisco, I knew that some of the most intelligent people and powerful companies were in my neighborhoods. I knew that the greatest innovations were happening around me. I wrote emails to people I admire and asked them out, and I’ve learned so much from these people. I felt like nothing can stop me from pursuing greatness. Not everyone came to San Francisco with an ambitious mind, but the city did more or less empower people with its ambition.

However, when it comes to the current internet we have, the city where we live digitally, I can’t feel any message of ambition. Yes, Amazon told me, “You should buy more stuff,” Facebook told me, “You should talk to your friends,” Netflix told me, “You should have more entertainment.” But the Internet itself has no strong message, but a lot of noise. This led me to decide to drastically reduce my Internet use.

This is not how the Internet should look like.

I’m not against e-commerce, social media, or entertainment. These are basic human needs, and they will always be there, whether you’re in a geographic city or a digital city. But a great city should be a center for a certain type of ambition, and the current Internet has no such ambition. This has made me uncomfortable for a long time in the past few years. I wanted to move to another digital city, a city that urges to augments humanity’s collective wisdom, a city that urges to accelerate the speed of the human’s intellectual and technological progress. Unfortunately, in the digital world, there is only one city — our current Internet. The city that I envisioned does not exist.

Not yet.

How to build a new City

In What your designs say about you by Sebastian Deterding, he said:

Whatever we put out there as a piece of design, into the world, has a persuasive component. It tries to affect people. It puts a certain vision of the good life out there in front of us. No matter whether we as designers intend it or not, we materialize morality. We make certain things harder and easier to do. We organize the existence of people. We put a certain vision of what good or bad or normal or usual is in front of people, by everything we put out there in the world.

What Deterding said can also be applied to the internet. The design of the internet does embody a materialization of morality. It is this morality that determines the ambitions of the digital city.

A bad internet makes meaningless events addictive and easy to do. It makes us feel that our needs are unsatisfied. It makes us feel that an instant reply is more important than a thoughtful letter. It makes us feel imperfect in every way and motivates us to pretend to be perfect. It makes us see only what we want to see but not what is good for us. It makes us overthink in short-term and micro-manage every hour we have. It makes us spend so much of our day on unimportant information that we end up regretting. It makes us feel disconnected from the real world.

A good internet makes meaningful events addictive and easy to do. It makes our behavior naturally align with our values. It makes us not only get the information we want but also encounter valuable information that we did not expect in the first place. It doesn’t disengage us from the real world. It makes us live better in the real world. We don’t need digital minimalism when the internet is good, just like we don’t need face-mask when there’s no virus in the world. The internet itself will serve as a tool system and will co-evolve with the human system, which augments the overall intelligence of the whole human society. That is what a good internet should do. A good internet conveys ambition, not anxiety.

To have an internet that conveys ambition, making a website or an app is not enough. We need to rethink its fundamental design. It’s not about colors or spatial arrangements. It’s about how we can naturally contextualize information that grows exponentially, how we can create tools that enable us easily organize the information we collected into meaningful structures, how we can provide a space for people to think and imagine more effectively, how we can bridge the gap between thinking and creating, how we can encourage active collaborations and valuable discussions to promote collective intelligence, how we can enable people to explore, collect, think, create, and publish in a most effective, fun, and meaningful way. So when we come to this internet, we feel empowered, and we get tons of value and meaning out of it.

That, is the digital city that I have envisioned.

How to build this city, or this internet, or whatever you want to call it, is something I’ve been thinking about for years. And there are many different angles we can see this problem.

From the design angle, some important questions to think about are: How does human society interact with the world in terms of creating information? What is the life cycle of information in this interaction? In what role can the internet play in this life cycle? The answers to these questions are extremely important that can help us get a better understanding of what is the real problem we’re trying to solve, so I’ll write another whole article to discuss.

Aside from characterizing the nature of the problem, we also have to look at existing solutions. We need to do comparative analysis on the design of different existing solutions and identify their strength and weakness. Doing this kind of analysis can not only provide inspiration for our designs but also make us more sensitive to the current landscape of the field.

Linus Torvalds said, “A good system gives you the building blocks that are sufficient for doing everything.” Hence we also need to think about what is the best way to design the building blocks of the new city. Such design for the building blocks will be a strong foundation for the new city to provide its ambition and culture which is different than the current one, and I want to inject this ambition into every citizen living in it.

From the engineering angle, we have to think about what technology can do today, and what technology will be able to do ten years from now. Therefore, we have to research on the trend of science and technology in today’s world. Not only should we do research, but we also have to get our hands dirty and test our hypotheses on what technology can and can not do by actually developing different prototypes. This is one of the main reasons I chose to join a software consulting startup during my first gap year to put the skin in the game. It also resulted in me spending massive time research the trend and future of science and technology in my second gap year. I’d addressed some of the core ideas in this article.

In addition to understanding the power and constraints of technology, integration between engineering and design is also crucial. Many designers don’t understand engineering, and many engineers don’t understand design. However, different designs create different engineering problems, so understanding both allows us to design things that can actually be developed by engineers and develop things that can actually be used by humans.

From the business angle, as Peter Thiel addressed in Zero to One, we need to “dominate a small niche and scale up from there, toward the ambitious long-term vision.” It’s impossible to just build a city out of nothing and tells people to come. That’s like finding an island and put some buildings on it and tell people in San Francisco to all move there. That’s unrealistic and not how the real world works.

The way to create a new city is to find a special need that people are unsatisfied with within the old city. For example, some cities might have air pollution. So you start a city with the best air quality and find those people who can’t endure air pollution anymore and convince them to move in. Some cities might have gun violence. So you make sure your city is as safe as possible and bring those people who can’t endure gun violence anymore and convince them to move in. That’s how you gradually attract people. You have to get your first ten people, then a hundred, then a thousand, then a million. Gradually.

This is also why we need to understand the life cycle of information in the interaction between human society and the world. What we want to do is to design a better life cycle, hence we need to think about different stages of the life cycle altogether. However, how we attract people is by showing them how good we are doing at a specific stage of the life cycle compared to other competitors, which is the “market niche”, and so they’re willing to move in. And afterward, they’ll discover how this stage is also fully integrated with all the other stages, and get much more than what they expected in the beginning. Some people come to the city because of the clean air, some come because of the safe environment, but eventually they will realize what they get the most out of the city is the message of ambition and the power to support such ambition.

Above are just some of the angles that need to be considered, and the number of questions that we mentioned in each angle is far from enough. But the purpose of this article is to give you a general taste of what I’m trying to build, so I’ll stop here to avoid lengthy discussion.

Conclusion

The answers to many of the questions I brought up are already there, lying in the books and papers written by the pioneers of the internet. Our current internet is not what they envisioned in their time. So what I want to do is to fulfill their vision, to inherit their legacy, to help create the utopian city. There are also a small number of startups, research centers, and domain experts that approach these questions from different angles, and their invaluable experience of success and failure is extremely illuminating. What’s most important is, thanks to the exponential growth of technology, many ideas that have been unrealistic are now becoming feasible.

Tools are meant to empower humans. The Internet as a tool should empower humanity. The current Internet does that, but not well enough. After years of researching, learning, and testing, I realized that now is the best time to build this city.

But, before doing that, we need to first develop a system that can support such a city.

前言

在這個系列的第一篇文 My Vision: The Context 中，我給出了以下公開聲明：

我未來十年的目標，是打造一個真正普及世界的、我所重新設計過的開放超文本系統（Open Hyperdocument System），並以這個系統為基礎，建立新一代的網際網路。

在這段聲明中，「新一代的網際網路」指的是什麼呢？這篇文章將會回答這個問題。本文可以在沒有先備知識的情況下獨立閱讀，但是如果有讀過前一篇文章，會有助於理解這篇文背後的脈絡。

網路 — 城市

讓我們將網路想像成一座城市。在任何城市裡，都存在諸如公園、博物館、圖書館、道路和車站等公共空間。同時，每個城市中也都有些屬於個人的區域，例如街上的住宅和商店。我們現在的網路也有許多公共空間：Facebook 和 Instagram 是公園、Youtube 和 Netflix 是電影院、Spotify 和 iTunes 是音樂廳、 Goodreads 和 Medium 是圖書館，Google 是連結所有地方的街道。而其他獨立的個人和電商網站，則是這個網路中的眾多住宅和商店。

每到新的一年，總是會有新的企業家來到這座城市說：我要在這邊打造一些東西。他們可能會開一間咖啡廳，讓人們進來放鬆；他們也可能打造一間酷炫的夜店，吸引年輕人聚集、派對。他們還有可能開啟一門專門賣鞋子和衣服的地方生意。

這就是我看待當代網路的方式 — 一個建設良好的，擁有各種商業、娛樂、活動和其他你能想像得到的一切的的數位城市。它是當今數位世界中最繁榮、人口最多的城市。然而，我並不喜歡這座城市。

Paul Graham 在他著名的文章 Cities and Ambition 裡頭提出了這麼一個想法：有些城市是某種雄心的中心，當你來到這樣的城市時，你能感受到城市傳遞給你的訊息。舉例來說，當你來到紐約時，你感受到的訊息是「你應該更有錢」；在柏克萊，你感受到的是「你應該活得更好」；在巴黎，你感受到的是「你做事應該更有自己的風格」；在波士頓，你感受到的是「你應該更聰明」；而在舊金山，你感受到的則是「你應該更強大」。

當我來到舊金山時，我確實有這種感覺。我能感受到許多最聰明的人和最厲害的公司就在我的周遭。我能感受到創新在我周圍不斷地發生。我寫了很多信給我欣賞的人，邀他們出來喝咖啡、問問題，而我從這些人身上學到了非常多東西。我感覺沒有什麼能阻止我追求卓越。並不是每個人都抱持著雄心來到舊金山，但這座城市或多或少賦予了每個來到這裡的人們一股雄心。

然而，當我來到現在的網路世界，也就是我們所有人所居住的數位城市中，我卻感受不到任何雄心。沒錯，Amazon 告訴我「你應該多買些東西」，Facebook 告訴我「你應該多跟你朋友聊天」，Netflix 告訴我「你應該有更多娛樂時間」。但是網路本身並沒有一個明確的訊息，反而有著很多的雜音。這使得我決定大量地降低我使用網路的時間。

這不是網路應該有的樣子。

我並不是電商、社群媒體或娛樂的反對者。這些都是人類基本需求，不管你身處在地理城市還是數位城市，它們永遠都會存在。然而一個偉大的城市應當是某種雄心的中心，而我們現在的網路並不是這樣的城市。這在過去幾年一直讓我感到不太舒服。我想要搬到另一個數位城市，一個渴望強化人類集體智慧的城市，一個渴望加快人類智力和科技進步速度的城市。不幸的是，現在的數位世界裡只有一個城市 — — 我們當今的網路。我想像中的城市並不存在。

還不存在。

如何打造新的城市

在 Sebastian Deterding 的演講 What your designs say about you 中，他提到：

所有我們在這個世界上設計的東西，都包含了說服的元素。設計會試圖影響人們。設計會將某種對於美好生活的願景擺在我們眼前。不管我們作為設計師有沒有這樣的意圖，我們都在將道德實體化。我們讓某些事情變得更容易做和更難做。我們組織了人們的生存。我們的設計會將某一種對於好、壞、正常和平常的觀點擺在人們面前。

我認為 Deterding 所提出的觀點也適用於我們的網路。當今網路的設計確實包含了一種道德的實體化，而正是這樣的道德選擇決定了這座數位城市的雄心。

一個糟糕的網路會讓無意義的事情變得容易、上癮。它使我們感覺需求沒有得到滿足。它使我們認為一則即時的訊息回覆比一封用心寫的長信更為重要。它使我們覺得自己在各方面都不完美，並鼓勵我們假裝完美。它使我們只看到我們想看到的，而不是對我們有用的資訊。它使我們過度思考短期的事情並試圖微觀管理我們的每分每秒。它使我們花費太多時間在不重要的事情上，最後感到後悔。它使我們失去與現實世界的連結。

一個好的網絡會讓有意義的事情變得更容易做。它使我們的行為自然地與我們的價值觀保持一致。它使我們不僅能得到我們想要的資訊，還能得到我們最初沒有預期的、有價值的資訊。它不會使我們與現實世界失去連結。它使我們在現實世界中生活得更好。當我們有一個好的網路時，我們就不需要數位極簡主義；正如同當世界上沒有病毒時，我們便不需要口罩一樣。一個好的網路是一個會與人類系統共同進化的工具系統，它應當能有效地增強全人類社會的整體智能。一個好的網路傳達的是雄心，而不是焦慮。

要讓這種能傳達雄心的網路出現，僅僅寫個網站或是 App 是絕對不夠的。我們必須重新思考它的底層設計。這裡談的設計不是顏色或是空間配置，而是我們如何解決以下問題：我們如何使指數增長的大量資訊自然地呈現出脈絡？我們如何創造工具幫助我們輕鬆地將收集到的資訊整理成有意義的結構？我們如何提供一個能讓人們更有效地思考和想像的數位空間？我們如何順暢地銜結思考和創作的流程？我們如何引導出積極的合作和有價值的討論，進而促進集體智慧？我們如何讓人們用最有效、有趣且有意義的方式去探索、收集、思考、創造和發行？如果我們的網路能解決這些問題，那麼當我們上網時，我們就會感到被賦予力量，並從中獲得大量的價值和意義。

這，就是我一直在想像的數位城市。

要如何打造這座城市（或是網路，或是任何你覺得合適的名稱）是我這幾年來一直在思考的問題。對於這個問題，可以從很多不同的角度切入：

從設計的角度來看，有些我們可以思考的重要問題包括：人類社會在和世界互動的過程中，是如何創造資訊的？資訊的生命週期是什麼？網路在這樣的生命週期中扮演著什麼樣的角色？這些問題的答案非常重要，因為它們能幫助我們對於真正需要被解決的問題有更好的理解，所以我會在下一篇文章完整地去討論。

除了釐清問題的本質，我們還得去看現存的解決方案。我們必須比較分析不同的解決方案，分辨出它們各自的優勢和劣勢。做這樣的分析不只能提供設計上的靈感，更能讓我們對於這個領域的現狀更加敏感。

Linus Torvalds 說過：「一個好的系統會提供你能用來做所有事情的基礎單元。」因此，我們也需要思考如何最好地設計這座新的城市的基礎單元。這個基礎單元的設計將為新的城市提供一個強大的基礎，幫助我們創造出不同於現有城市的雄心和文化。我希望能將這股雄心注入到每一個生活在城市中的市民身上。

從工程的角度來看，我們必須思考什麼是科技現在可以做到的事情，什麼又是科技在十年後可以做到的事情。因此，我們必須研究科學和科技在當今世界中的趨勢。我們不只需要研究，也需要親自動手，透過開發不同的原型來測試對於科技的假設。這正是我在休學的第一年加入軟體顧問公司工作的主要原因之一。這也使得我在休學第二年花了非常多時間在研究科學和科技的未來，並將很多的核心想法寫在了世界這篇文中。

除了要暸解科技的力量與限制，工程和設計的整合也至關重要。許多設計師不懂工程，而許多工程師也不懂設計。然而，不同的設計會引發不同的工程問題，唯有當我們對兩者都有所掌握時，才能更有效地設計出能被工程師開發，且能被正常人能使用的系統。

從商業的角度來看，正如 Peter Thiel 在 Zero to One 中所提到的，我們必須先「主導一個小型利基市場，從那裡開始擴大規模，往充滿野心的長期願景努力。」我們不可能憑空打造一座城市然後叫大家搬進來。這就像是找到一個小島、在上面蓋幾棟建築，就叫所有舊金山的居民搬家一樣不切實際。這麼做不符合世界運作的法則。

創造一座新的城市的方法，是先找出人們在舊城市長期無法被滿足的需求。舉例來說，有些城市可能有嚴重的空氣污染。所以你可以打造一座空氣品質絕佳的城市，邀請那些無法忍受空氣污染的居民率先搬進來。有些城市可能治安很差。所以你可以打造一座治安良好的城市，邀請那些不能忍受生活在危險環境的居民搬進來。這就是你逐漸吸引居民的方式。你必須先找到最一開始的十個人，然後一百個人，然後一千個人，然後一百萬個人。這些過程必須逐漸地、一步一步地進行。

這也是為什麼我們必須搞清楚人類在和世界互動的過程中創造資訊的生命週期。我們想做的，是設計一個更好的生命週期，因此我們在設計時必須將生命週期中的每個階段放在一起同時考慮。然而，我們吸引人的方式，則是展示我們在生命週期中的某個階段是如何地做得比所有其他競爭者都好，這就是所謂的「利基市場」。當人們受到吸引，決定搬到我們打造的城市之後，他們才會發現逐漸發現這個階段是如何和所有其他階段整合在一起的，並得到比一開始所預期的還要多的價值。有些人來到這座城市是因為乾淨的空氣，有些人來到這座城市是因為良好的治安，但是到頭來這些新來的居民會發現，他們從這座城市中獲得最多的是一股雄心，以及能支撐著這股雄心的基礎建設。

以上只是一些需要考慮的角度，跟真實的情況相比，這篇文章在每個角度所提出的問題數量都是遠遠不夠的。但是本文的目的是讓你對我正在做的事情有一個大致的瞭解，因此為了避免冗長的討論，我將就此打住。

結論

我在這篇文章中所提出的許多問題的答案其實都已經有答案了，這些答案被寫在網路先驅們所寫的書籍和論文裡頭。我們當今的網路跟他們的理想相去甚遠。我希望能繼承這些先驅的意志，實現他們的願景，打造出這座有如烏托邦的數位城市。此時此刻，有一些新創公司、研究中心和領域專家都在用不同的方式切入這些問題，而他們成功與失敗的寶貴經驗都非常具有啟發性。最重要的是，由於科技的指數級增長，許多在過去不現實的想法，現在都變得可行了。

工具是為了賦予人類力量而存在的。網路作為一種工具，應該賦予全人類力量。當今的網路做到了這點，但還遠遠不夠好。經過多年的研究、學習和測試，我認為我們已經逐漸來到打造這座新的城市的最佳時機了。

但是，在此之前，我們需要先打造一個能支持這個城市運作的系統。